Antonov An-2

Despite being one of the icons of post-war civilian aviation, the large, fabric-covered An-2 biplane remains firmly rooted in the 1920s.

 

The An-2 was designed by Oleg Antonov as an agricultural aircraft for the post-war Soviet rural economy. The requirement was issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in May 1946 to design an aircraft to replace the aging Polikarpov Po-2. It was the first task assigned to the newly formed Antonov OKB.

 

The prototype, carrying a designation SKh-1was first flown in August 1947. After successful trials, series production commenced in 1949. About 5000 aircraft were produced in the Soviet Union during the 1950s. It had more than proved its worth not only in as crop-spraying aircraft, but also as paratroop transport, glider tug, navigation trainer, and utility transport.

 

In 1960, only after the bulk of the production had ended in the country of origin, the production was transferred to PZL in Poland. It were the Poles that eventually made the An-2 to an aviation icon that we know today, turning out a whopping 11 650 additional aircraft between 1960 and 1989. It became the most numerous export product in the history of Polish aviation industry. 80% of the production went to Soviet Union, with the rest provided to Albania, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, China, East Germany, Yugoslavia, North Korea, Rumania, Tanzania, Vietnam, Cuba and Hungary. An-2 was also produced in smaller numbers in East Germany and China.

 

The appearance of this biplane in 1947 was widely misread. Western intelligence deemed the An-2 as an obsolete airframe unsuitable for modern large-scale production. The reality proved them too judgmental. Undisturbed by what others might think of its looks, Antonov delivered the smallest, lightest and most efficient solution to the task at hand. The subsequent outstanding success of the An-2 can be attributed to the many virtues of his design: extremely safe (if heavy) flying characteristics, STOL, high reliability in the field, low maintenance costs and the capacious single-bay fuselage with good cargo capacity.

 

An-2 variants

 

Due the general naming practice in the Soviet industry, sorting out all the variant designations, their precedence on the production line, and the detailed configuration differences between them is a mammoth task which lies far beyond my research possibilities for this article. The source of the difficulty lies in that the Soviets have been using subtype designations to describe the intended purpose of the aircraft rather than technical configuration of the airframe.

 

In determining versions of the An-2, one is not aided by any significant visual differences. No airplane in history has been in continuous production essentially unchanged as long as the An-2. The only two “major” An-2 airframe changes over half a century were the introduction of squared-off vertical tail on the An-2M and the enghine change in the An-3 resulting in a new nose. Both changes did not survive long on the production line.

 

    * An-2T Standard utility aircraft for the Military (10 equipped troops) and Aeroflot (1948)

    * An-2TP Civilian sibling of the An-2T for scheduled Aeroflot routes, fitted with comfortable seating for 12 passengers (1949)

    * An-2P Basic general-purpose version with 14 lightweight seats and a soundproof cabin. The Polish version produced at Mielec since 1968 featured a new propeller and spinner, more attractive passenger cabin with glass wool sound proofing and 12 upholstered forward facing-seats.

    * An-2S Flying Ambulance with 6 stretchers (1949)

    * An-2TD Parachute training aircraft for up to 14 parachute jumpers on tip-up seats along each side of the cabin (1950)

    * An-2SKh Agricultural version with 1400 litre tank and spray bars or centre line duct.

    * An-2W – General-purpose and maritime patrol floatplane with twin underwing floats (1951). Also produced after 1962 in Poland under the designation An-4.

    * An-2L – Floatplane designated for fire fighting. (1964)

    * An-2PP – Firefighting seaplane version with floats fitted with special scoops capable of uplifting 630 litres of water per float (1961).

    * An-2ZA – high-altitude meteorological research version with supercharger for high-altitude performance and an additional observation canopy on the rear upper rear fuselage (1948)

    * An-6 Meteo – further development of the An-2ZA (1950).

    * An-2M Updated An-2T with 290 engineering changes (1960) and square vertical tailplane. About 200 built.

    * An-2F – prototype for the artillery spotting version with double tail fins,  glazed rear fuselage and defensive armament (1948)

    * An-2NAK – Night observation and artillery fire control development of the An-2F, never produced in quantity (1949)

    * An-2PF – photo cartography aircraft (1974)

    * An-2R – Polish improved crop-spraying version with 1300 litre glassfibre-reinforced epoxy-resin tank and revised spraying equipment with better dispensing system that could be operated by a pilot alone. (1961)

    * An-2D6 – Polish VIP transport version with comfortable cabin for 6 passengers. (1972)

    * An-2D5 – as above with five passenger seats (1972)

    * An-2PK -  Polish special duty transport used for operations in the artic (1973).

    * An-2TPS – PZL-produced ambulance version (1974)

    * An-3 – Development of the basic agricultural version of An-2 with a 1450hp Glushenkov TVD-20 turboprop fitted in a longer nose and a chemical tank of 2200 litres. It was produced in limited numbers (1981)

 

LINK

LINK